Mapping changes in women's visual functions during the menstrual cycle: narrative review

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: This article systematically updates the literature on changes in visual functions during the phases of the normal menstrual cycle in women. OBJECTIVES: To update Guttridge's 1994 review of visual structures and functions associated with the menstrual cycle and broaden the search through psychophysical, neuroimaging and neurobehavioral measurements covering 1994-2020. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review conducted in a neurosciences and behavior laboratory in Brazil. METHODS: The PubMed, Cochrane Clinical Answers and Google Scholar databases were searched. After screening and applying the eligibility criteria, 32 articles were examined. Through this analysis, the following information was extracted: (1) geographical distribution of the study; (2) sample size (according to age and phase of the menstrual cycle); (3) type of measurements according to psychophysical, neuroimaging and neurobehavioral instruments; (4) vision testing model; (5) visual subcategory evaluated; (6) categories of processed visual stimuli; and (7) main findings. RESULTS: The menstrual phases give rise to significant changes in visual functions, including in relation to orientation and spatial attention, visual campimetry and visual sensitivity. These relate specifically to the follicular and luteal phases. CONCLUSIONS: These findings theoretically expand the effects of menstrual cycles on visual functions found by Guttridge (1994). Despite some inconsistencies in the studies analyzed, it was found that visual processing during the follicular and luteal phases of the normal menstrual cycle of healthy women can explain physiological, cognitive, behavioral and social modulations.

Relação do proteinograma sérico e as fases folicular e luteal do ciclo estral em éguas / Relation of the serum proteins and the follicular and luteal phasesof the estrous cycle in mares

O objetivo deste estudo foi obter o perfil eletroforético das proteínas séricas em éguas cíclicas e verificar as diferenças entre as fases folicular e luteal do ciclo estral nesta espécie. Foram utilizadas 18 éguas, totalizando 36 amostras de soro, sendo duas de cada égua. As amostras foram colhidas no estro e no diestro. As proteínas séricas totais foram obtidas pelo método do Biureto, a partir da utilização de Kits comerciais (LABTEST®) e, as diferentes subfrações proteicas, por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE). O eletroforetograma das proteínas séricas colocou em evidência a presença de 17 a 25 frações proteicas, cujos pesos moleculares variaram de 22 a 254 kDa. Identificaram-se duas proteínas ainda não nomeadas oficialmente, de massas moleculares (MM) 23 kDa e 144 kDa. Os valores médios ± SEM obtidos para cada variável no estro e no diestro, respectivamente, foram: proteínas totais (g/dL) 7,11 ± 0,07 e 7,36 ± 0,07; albumina (mg/dL) 4790,83 ± 69,10 e 5027,19 ± 69,10; α1 glicoproteína ácida (mg/dL) 4,90 ± 0,31 e 4,93 ± 0,31; ceruloplasmina (mg/dL) 15,28 ± 1,31 e 10,65 ± 1,31; haptoglobina (mg/dL) 22,70 ± 1,16 e 27,06 ± 1,16; transferrina (mg/dL) 329,00 ± 9,78 e 350,16 ± 9,78; IgA (mg/dL) 119,91 ± 6,30 e 107,03 ± 6,30; IgG (mg/dL) 1525,07 ± 40,18 e 1517,25 ± 40,18; MM 23 (mg/dL) 204,44 ± 8,61 e 219,79 ± 8,61; MM 144 (mg/dL) 22,13 ± 0,55 e 21,49 ± 0,55. Não houve diferença significativa das proteínas totais e suas frações do estro para o diestro. Conclui-se que as modificações hormonais durante as fases do ciclo estral da égua não interferem no proteinograma sérico.

This study aimed to obtain the electrophoretic profile of serum proteins in cyclic mares and to verify the differences between the follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle in this species. Eighteen mares were used, totaling 36 serum samples, two of each mare. Samples were collected both in estrus and in diestrus. Total serum proteins were obtained by the Biureto method, by using commercial kits (LABTEST®), while the different protein subfractions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The electroforetogram of serum proteins evidenced the presence of 17 to 25 protein fractions, whose molecular weights ranged from 22 to 254 kDa. Two proteins that were not yet officially named were identified, of molecular weights (MW) of 23 kDa and 144 kDa. The mean values (± SEM) obtained for each variable in estrus and diestrus were, respectively: total proteins (g/dL) 7.11 ± 0.07 and 7.36 ± 0.07; albumin (mg/dL) 4790.83 ± 69.10 and 5027.19 ± 69.10; α1 acid glycoprotein (mg/dL) 4.90 ± 0.31 and 4.93 ± 0.31; ceruloplasmine (mg/dL) 15.28 ± 1.31 and 10.65 ± 1.31; haptoglobine (mg/dL) 22.70 ± 1.16 and 27.06 ± 1.16; transferrin (mg/ dL) 329.00 ± 9.78 and 350.16 ± 9.78; IgA (mg/dL) 119.91 ± 6.30 and 107.03 ± 6.30; IgG (mg/dL) 1525.07 ± 40.18 and 1517.25 ± 40.18; MW 23 (mg/dL) 204.44 ± 8.61 and 219.79 ± 8.61; MW 144 (mg/dL) 22.13 ± 0.55 and 21.49 ± 0.55. No significant difference was verified in total proteins and its fractions in estrus and diestrus. The hormonal changes during the specific stages of the estrous cycle of the mare do not interfere with the serum proteinogram.

Efeito da técnica de coleta e do estágio do ciclo estral na recuperação de oócitos de boa qualidade em felinos e caninos domésticos / The effect of recovery technique and stage of estrous cycle on the recovery of good quality oocytes in domestic felines and canines

A obtenção de oócitos de boa qualidade é essencial para o sucesso de diversas biotécnicas reprodutivas. Objetivou-se determinar o efeito de duas técnicas na recuperação de oócitos de boa qualidade em gatas e cadelas em diferentes estágios reprodutivos. Foram utilizados 43 pares de ovários de gata e 35 de cadela após realização da ovariosalpingohisterectomia eletiva. A fase do ciclo estral foi classificada em inativa, folicular ou luteal. Os ovários da fase folicular foram divididos em três grupos: PUN) punção dos folículos com agulha; PUN+FAT) fatiamento do mesmo ovário já puncionado; e FAT) fatiamento do segundo ovário. Os ovários das fêmeas em fase luteal e inativa foram submetidos ao FAT. Foram obtidos no total 974 oócitos (~23/animal) nas fêmeas felinas e 940 (~27/animal) nas caninas. O fatiamento recuperou número superior (P<0,05) de oócitos. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre as técnicas de coleta na qualidade de estruturas recuperadas. A quantidade de oócitos recuperados em cada fase foi similar (P>0,05). Contudo, a fase inativa foi superior à luteal (P<0,05) e semelhante à folicular na quantidade de oócitos de boa qualidade em gatas e não houve diferença em cadelas. Conclui-se que o fatiamento recupera maior quantidade de oócitos, não influenciando em sua qualidade. As fases inativa e folicular recuperam maior quantidade de oócitos de boa qualidade em gatas e não afetam a recuperação em cadelas. Portanto, para otimizar o uso das biotecnologias, deve-se levar em consideração o estágio do ciclo estral em fêmeas felinas e a técnica de coleta utilizada na recuperação de oócitos.

The recovery of good quality oocytes is essential for the success of various reproductive biotechniques. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two techniques on the recovery of good quality oocytes in queens and bitches at different reproductive stages. A total of 43 pairs of ovaries of queens and 35 of bitches after elective ovariosalpingohisterectomy were performed. The estrous cycle phase was classified as inactive, follicular or luteal. The ovaries of the follicular phase were allocated into three groups: PUN) puncture of the follicles with a needle; PUN + SLI) slicing of the same ovary already punctured; and SLI) slicing of the second ovary. The ovaries of luteal and inactive females were submitted to SLI. A total of 974 oocytes (~23/animal) were obtained in feline females and 940 (~27/animal) in canines females. The SLI technique recovered superior number (P<0.05) of oocytes. There was no difference (P>0.05) between the collection techniques in the quality of recovered structures. The number of oocytes recovered in each phase was similar (P>0.05). However, the inactive phase was higher than luteal (P<0.05) and similar to the follicular phase in the quantity of good-quality oocytes in queens and there was no difference in bitches. In conclusion, it is preferable to perform the slicing technique to recover more oocytes in both species. Moreover, in queens it is possible to obtain good quality oocytes in the inactive phase and in bitches the estrous cycle phase does not influence the quality.

Relação do proteinograma sérico e as fases folicular e luteal do ciclo estral em éguas / Relation of the serum proteins and the follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle in mares

O objetivo deste estudo foi obter o perfil eletroforético das proteínas séricas em éguas cíclicas e verificar as diferenças entre as fases folicular e luteal do ciclo estral nesta espécie. Foram utilizadas 18 éguas, totalizando 36 amostras de soro, sendo duas de cada égua. As amostras foram colhidas no estro e no diestro. As proteínas séricas totais foram obtidas pelo método do Biureto, a partir da utilização de Kits comerciais (LABTEST) e, as diferentes subfrações proteicas, por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida (SDS-PAGE). O eletroforetograma das proteínas séricas colocou em evidência a presença de 17 a 25 frações proteicas, cujos pesos moleculares variaram de 22 a 254 kDa. Identificaram-se duas proteínas ainda não nomeadas oficialmente, de massas moleculares (MM) 23 kDa e 144 kDa. Os valores médios ± SEM obtidos para cada variável no estro e no diestro, respectivamente, foram: proteínas totais (g/dL) 7,11 ± 0,07 e 7,36 ± 0,07; albumina (mg/dL) 4790,83 ± 69,10 e 5027,19 ± 69,10; α1 glicoproteína ácida (mg/dL) 4,90 ± 0,31 e 4,93 ± 0,31; ceruloplasmina (mg/dL) 15,28 ± 1,31 e 10,65 ± 1,31; haptoglobina (mg/dL) 22,70 ± 1,16 e 27,06 ± 1,16; transferrina (mg/dL) 329,00 ± 9,78 e 350,16 ± 9,78; IgA (mg/dL) 119,91 ± 6,30 e 107,03 ± 6,30; IgG (mg/dL) 1525,07 ± 40,18 e 1517,25 ± 40,18; MM 23 (mg/dL) 204,44 ± 8,61 e 219,79 ± 8,61; MM 144 (mg/dL) 22,13 ± 0,55 e 21,49 ± 0,55. Não houve diferença significativa das proteínas totais e suas frações do estro para o diestro. Conclui-se que as modificações hormonais durante as fases do ciclo estral da égua não interferem no proteinograma sérico.

This study aimed to obtain the electrophoretic profile of serum proteins in cyclic mares and to verify the differences between the follicular and luteal phases of the estrous cycle in this species. Eighteen mares were used, totaling 36 serum samples, two of each mare. Samples were collected both in estrus and in diestrus. Total serum proteins were obtained by the Biureto method, by using commercial kits (LABTEST), while the different protein subfractions by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The electroforetogram of serum proteins evidenced the presence of 17 to 25 protein fractions, whose molecular weights ranged from 22 to 254 kDa. Two proteins that were not yet officially named were identified, of molecular weights (MW) of 23 kDa and 144 kDa. The mean values (± SEM) obtained for each variable in estrus and diestrus were, respectively: total proteins (g/dL) 7.11 ± 0.07 and 7.36 ± 0.07; albumin (mg/dL) 4790.83 ± 69.10 and 5027.19 ± 69.10; α1 acid glycoprotein (mg/dL) 4.90 ± 0.31 and 4.93 ± 0.31; ceruloplasmine (mg/dL) 15.28 ± 1.31 and 10.65 ± 1.31; haptoglobine (mg/dL) 22.70 ± 1.16 and 27.06 ± 1.16; transferrin (mg/dL) 329.00 ± 9.78 and 350.16 ± 9.78; IgA (mg/dL) 119.91 ± 6.30 and 107.03 ± 6.30; IgG (mg/dL) 1525.07 ± 40.18 and 1517.25 ± 40.18; MW 23 (mg/dL) 204.44 ± 8.61 and 219.79 ± 8.61; MW 144 (mg/dL) 22.13 ± 0.55 and 21.49 ± 0.55. No significant difference was verified in total proteins and its fractions in estrus and diestrus. The hormonal changes during the specific stages of the estrous cycle of the mare do not interfere with the serum proteinogram.

Inter-ovarian differences in ultrasound markers of ovarian size in women with polycystic ovary syndrome / 대한생식의학회지

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to establish whether differences in ovarian size exist between the right and the left ovary of the same individual in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.METHODS: In total, 206 Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome were included in this study. In all participants, a transvaginal or transrectal ultrasound examination was conducted in the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.RESULTS: A significant linear correlation was found between the two ovaries with regard to antral follicle count and ovarian volume. The mean antral follicle count in the right ovary (26.75±11.72) was significantly higher than that in the left ovary (23.98±10.85), and the mean volume of the right ovary (11.06±5.17 cm³) was significantly different from that of the left ovary (9.12±4.89 cm³).CONCLUSION: Ovarian size is different between the right and the left ovary in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Ovarian follicular dynamic and plasma progesterone concentration in Alpine goats on the breeding season / Dinâmica folicular ovariana e concentração plasmática de progesterona em cabras Alpinas durante a estação reprodutiva

Os objetivos deste estudo foram relatar a dinâmica folicular ovariana e a concentração plasmática de progesterona durante ciclos estrais de duração irregular em cabras da raça Alpina. Vinte e nove cabras tiveram sua atividade ovariana monitorada diariamente por ultrassonografia transretal durante um, dois ou três períodos interovulatórios consecutivos. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para análise da concentração plasmática de progesterona. Dos 47 ciclos avaliados, 28 (59,57%) foram de duração normal (17 a 25 dias), sete (14,89%) de curta duração (<17 dias) e 12 (25,53%) de longa duração (>25 dias). Os ciclos estrais de curta duração tiveram 6,14±0,69 dias e uma onda folicular que emergiu no dia 0,43±1,13. Os ciclos estrais de longa duração tiveram entre 26 e 79 dias, com duas a nove ondas foliculares. Os ciclos estrais de curta duração ocorreram durante a estação reprodutiva e foram associados à regressão prematura do corpo lúteo (CL). Os ciclos estrais de longa duração ocorreram na transição entre o anestro e a estação reprodutiva e foram associados principalmente à persistência do CL ou à fase folicular prolongada.(AU)

The serum estradiol/oocyte ratio in patients with breast cancer undergoing ovarian stimulation with letrozole and gonadotropins

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the patterns of estradiol-oocyte ratio (EOR) and estradiol-mature oocyte ratio (EMOR) in patients with breast cancer undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) using letrozole and gonadotropins for fertility preservation. METHODS: This retrospective study included 32 breast cancer patients underwent COS for fertility preservation and no patients had previously undergone gonadotoxic treatments. Basal characteristics and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes were compared according to the age of women (age < 35 vs. age ≥35) and the starting phase of ovarian stimulation (early follicular phase vs. late follicular phase vs. luteal phase). RESULTS: Patients who were administered with a letrozole-combined regimen, the peak serum estradiol (E2) was maintained at a low level (386.3±346.9 pg/mL). EOR was 52.4±78.8 pg/mL, and EMOR was 71.0±41.2 pg/mL. When the 2 groups were compared according to the age of women (age < 35 vs. age ≥35), EOR was 34.5 (22.2–46.5) pg/mL and 40.7 (19.3–65.3) pg/mL, respectively; EMOR was 79.8 (40.8–90.6) pg/mL and 68.8 (44.5–85.9) pg/mL, respectively. There was no significant difference in the IVF outcomes. When the 2 groups were compared according to the starting phase of ovarian stimulation, there were no significant differences in IVF outcomes, EOR and EMOR among the groups. CONCLUSION: Measuring the peak E2 concentration in breast cancer patients undergoing IVF for fertility preservation with a co-treatment of letrozole allows for the prediction of the numbers of oocytes and mature oocytes.

Variabilidade da contagem automática tridimensional de folículos ovarianos durante o ciclo menstrual / Variability of Three-dimensional Automatic Ovarian Follicle Count in Menstrual Cycle

Objetivos Avaliar a variabilidade da contagem automática tridimensional dos folículos ovarianos que mediram 2 a 6 mm e 2 a 10 mm durante o ciclo menstrual. Verificar se este exame pode ser aplicado fora da fase folicular precoce do ciclo. Método Prospectivo observacional. Foram incluídas todas as pacientes inférteis submetidas à monitorização da ovulação de 20 de abril de 2013 a 30 de outubro de 2014, com18 a 35 anos; IMC de 18 a 25 kg/m2, eumenorréicas; semhistória de cirurgia ovariana e sem alterações nas dosagens do TSH, prolactina, insulina e glicemia. Foram excluídas aquelas que apresentaram cistos ovarianos e as que faltaram algum dia da monitorização. A contagem ultrassonográfica dos folículos foi feita pelo modo 3D com Sono AVC na fase folicular precoce, folicular media, periovulatória e lútea do ciclo. Resultados Quarenta e cinco mulheres foram incluídas. Houve diferença entre as médias das contagens dos folículos com 2 a 6 mm (p = 0,001) e 2 a 10 mm (p = 0,003) pelo teste de Friedman que avaliou conjuntamente as quatro fases do ciclo. Quando se aplicou o teste t-Student pareado, houve aumento significativo na contagem dos folículos de 2 a 6 mm quando se comparou a contagem desses folículos na fase folicular média e periovulatória com a contagem da fase lútea. Não houve diferença significante entre a contagem destes folículos pequenos nas fases folicular precoce, média e periovulatória. Conclusões A variação da contagem automática tridimensional dos folículos de 2 a 6 mm, nas fases folicular precoce, folicular média e periovulatória, não mostrou significância estatística. Houve uma variação significativa da contagem automática 3D dos folículos ovarianos de 2 a 10 mmdurante o ciclo. A variabilidade significativa da contagem dos folículos de 2 a 10 mm durante o ciclo não permite que este exame seja realizado fora da fase folicular precoce.

Objective To evaluate the variability of three-dimensional automatic counts of ovarian follicles measuring 2-6 to 2-10 mm during the menstrual cycle and to determine if this test can be applied outside the early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Methods in a prospective observational study, serial transvaginal ultrasound scans were performed from April 20, 2013, to October 30, 2014, on infertile patients. Inclusion criteria: age between 18 and 35 years, BMI 18-25 kg/m2, regular menstrual cycles, no history of ovarian surgery and no hormonal changes in TSH, prolactin, fasting insulin or glucose. We excluded patients with ovarian cysts or who did not complete one or more days of the serial transvaginal ultrasound scans. The follicle count was performed in 3D mode ultrasound with a Sono AVC system. Visits were scheduled for the early follicular, mid-follicular, periovulatory and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Results Forty-five women were included. The Friedman test showed that the total number of follicles measuring 2-6 mmvaried significantly (p = 0.001) across the four periods of the menstrual cycle. The Paired Student t-test showed a significant increase in 2-6 mm follicle count from the mid-follicular and periovulatory phase to the luteal phase. We found no significant intra-cycle variation between the small follicles (2-6 mm) in the early follicular, mid-follicular and periovulatory phases. The Friedman test showed that the total number of follicles measuring 2-10 mm varied significantly (p = 0.003) across the menstrual cycle. Conclusions The variation of three-dimensional automatic counts of 2-6 mm follicles in the early follicular, mid-follicular and periovulatory phases was not statistically significant. The significant variability in the counts of follicles measuring 2-10 mm across the menstrual cycle does not permit this examination to be performed side the early follicular phase.

Salivary ferning as an alternative to sonographic follicle monitoring for determining ovulation: A comparative study / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

OBJECTIVE: To determine if salivary ferning correlates significantly with sonographic indices in identifying the fertile period, and whether it may be used as a cheaper, and more convenient way to aid infertility patients in achieving pregnancy. POPULATION: Subjects who complain of difficulty achieving pregnancy and for whom follicle monitoring was indicated were recruited from the Outpatient Department in a tertiary hospital in Manila. METHODOLOGY: Patients (n=40) with Primary or Secondary Infertility from April 2013 to August 2015 who require serial follicle monitoring as part of infertility work up were recruited in the study. For every follicle monitoring by ultrasound done by one sonologist, a salivary sample was obtained from the subject and the ferning pattern was determined and recorded by one pathologist blinded as to the day of the subject's menstrual cycle. RESULTS: There was a total of 40 subjects who underwent 2 serial follicle monitoring during the study. The 1 st TVS (preovulatory) was done between Day 9 to 14 of the cycle with an average of Day 11. Correspondingly, salivary ferning done showed that there were 26 (65.0%) with Salivary Ferning 1 pattern and 14 (35.0%) with Salivary Ferning 2 pattern (p=0.35). This showed no significant difference between follicle monitoring and salivary ferning pattern and either may be used in identifying fertile period preovulatory. The 2nd TVS (postovulatory) was done between Day 12 to 21 with an average of Day 16. All the second ultrasound findings showed signs of ovulation. Correspondingly, there were 1 (2.0%) showed Salivary Ferning 1 pattern, 11 (27.5%) showed Salivary Ferning 2 Pattern and 28 (70.0%) showed Salivary Ferning 3 Pattern 9 (p=0.05). This showed no significant difference between follicle monitoring and salivary ferning pattern, hence, TVS follicle monitoring remains more reliable in identifying that ovulation has occurred. CONCLUSION: Salivary ferning corresponded well with ultrasonographic findings during the preovulatory phase of the cycle, while no correlation was noted between the salivary ferning pattern and the postovulatory phase of the cycle. Hence, sonographic follicle monitoring remains a better predictor of ovulation, and more effective in identifying the fertile period

Establishing Reference Intervals for Sex Hormones on the Analytical Platforms Advia Centaur and Immulite 2000XP

Reliable reference intervals for sex hormones are indispensable in evaluations of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. This study established reference intervals for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin with the immunoassay platforms Advia Centaur and Immulite 2000XP (Siemens Healthcare, Germany). We recruited healthy men (n=220), women in the follicular (n=139) or luteal (n=87) phases of the menstrual cycle, and postmenopausal women (n=103). Data was analyzed according to CLSI EP28-A3c guidelines. Although reference intervals established with both platforms showed good agreement with ranges quoted by the assay manufacturer, two discrepancies were noted. First, intervals for prolactin in women were influenced by hormonal status, and the partition analysis supported their separation into subgroups based on menstrual cycle. Second, the upper limit for estradiol in the follicular phase was nearly a half of that provided by the manufacturer. This discrepancy was attributed to the stringent definition of the follicular phase (consistently set at days 3-5 after menstruation onset). Our findings suggest that reference values for prolactin should both be gender specific and account for menstrual cycle phase. The results also emphasize that clear-cut selection criteria are required when assembling populations for establishing endocrine reference intervals.

Association between serum gonadotropin level and insulin resistance-related parameters in Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between serum gonadotropin level and parameters related to insulin resistance in Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: This retrospective study included 138 women aged 18 to 35 years who were newly diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam consensus. Participants were divided into three groups based on the serum luteinizing hormone to follicle-stimulating hormone (LH/FSH) ratio in the early follicular phase: group 1 (LH/FSH 2.0), and group 3 (LH/FSH ≥2.0). The correlations between the LH/FSH ratio and various metabolic parameters were evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Patients with higher LH/FSH ratios showed higher total antral follicle counts and higher total ovarian volume. In the comparison of anthropometric and biochemical parameters among the three groups, the waist to hip ratio was the only parameter that differed significantly among the groups (P=0.003). Correlation analysis revealed no significant correlations between serum LH/FSH ratios and biochemical parameters related to insulin resistance. However, after adjustments for age and body mass index, a significant correlation between total cholesterol level and serum LH/FSH ratio was observed (r=0.221, P=0.018). CONCLUSION: Most parameters related to insulin resistance, with the exception of total cholesterol level, are unrelated to the inappropriate pattern of serum gonadotropin secretion in Korean women with PCOS.

Measurement of serum estrogen and estrogen metabolites in pre- and postmenopausal women with osteoarthritis using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry

Although 17β-estradiol (E2) deficiency has been linked to the development of osteoarthritis (OA) in middle-aged women, there are few studies relating other estrogens and estrogen metabolites (EMs) to this condition. We developed a high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method to measure the levels of six EMs (i.e., estrone, E2, estriol, 2-hydroxyestrone, 2-hydroxyestradiol, and 16a-hydroxyestrone) in healthy pre- and postmenopausal women and women with OA. This method had a precision ranging from 1.1 to 3.1% and a detection limit ranging from 10 to 15 pg. Compared to healthy women, serum-free E2 was lower in the luteal and postmenopausal phases in women with OA, and total serum E2 was lower in postmenopausal women with OA. Moreover, compared to healthy women, total serum 2-hydroxyestradiol was higher in postmenopausal women with OA and total serum 2-hydroxyestrone was lower in both the luteal and follicular phases in women with OA. In conclusion, our HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method allowed the measurement of multiple biochemical targets in a single assay, and, given its increased cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and speed relative to previous methods, this method is suitable for clinical studies.

Redução da reserva ovariana em pacientes adultas com dermatomiosite

Objetivo: Avaliar os marcadores de reserva ovariana e anticorpos anti-corpo lúteo (anti-CoL) em pacientes com dermatomiosite (DM). Métodos: Todos as 40 pacientes do sexo feminino com DM, idade entre 18 e 42 anos, foram convidadas a participar. Os critérios de exclusão foram uso de contraceptivos hormonais nos últimos seis meses (n=13), associação de neoplasia (n=3), doenças autoimunes sistêmicas sobrepostas (n=3), gravidez atual (n=2), cirurgia ginecológica (n=1) e não concordância em participar do estudo (n=2). Dezesseis pacientes com DM e 23 controles saudáveis selecionados para participar deste estudo transversal foram avaliados na fase folicular precoce do ciclo menstrual. Anti-CoL IgG (immunoblotting), hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH), estradiol, inibina B, níveis séricos do hormônio anti-mülleriano (HAM) (ELISA) e contagem de folículos antrais (CFA) por ultrassonografia foram determinados. Resultados: Pacientes e controles tiveram média de idade, etnia e classe socioeconômica comparáveis (P > 0,05). A média de idade das pacientes foi de 29,1±4,7 anos e duração da doença de 5,6±3,2 anos. O ciclo menstrual, comorbidade e estilo de vida foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos (P > 0,05). HAM <= 1ng/mL (P=0,027) e número da CFA (P=0,017) foram significativamente reduzidos em pacientes com DM quando comparados ao grupo controle, enquanto que níveis séricos de estradiol (P < 0,001) foram maiores em pacientes com DM. Em contraste, os níveis de FSH no soro e inibina B, volumes de ovários, assim como a frequência de anticorpos anti-CoL foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos. Conclusão: O presente estudo foi o primeiro a identificar a reserva ovariana diminuída em pacientes com DM em idade reprodutiva. Mais estudos são necessários para avaliar os fatores envolvidos no prejuízo da reserva ovariana de pacientes com a miopatia inflamatória.

Objectives: To assess ovarian reserve markers and anti-corpus luteum (anti-CoL) antibodies in dermatomyositis (DM) patients. Methods: All 40 female patients with DM, aged between 18 and 42 years, were invited to participate. Exclusion criteria were hormonal contraceptive use in the last six months (n=13), neoplasia associations (n=3), overlapped systemic autoimmune diseases (n=3), current pregnancy (n=2), gynecological surgery (n=1) and did not agree to participate of this study (n=2). Sixteen DM patients and 23 healthy controls were evaluated at early follicular phase of menstrual cycle were selected to participate in this cross-sectional study. IgG anti-CoL (immunoblotting), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol, inhibin B, anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) serum levels (ELISA) and sonographicantral follicle count (AFC) was determined. Results: DM patients and controls had comparable mean age, ethnicity and socioeconomic class (P > 0.05). DM mean age of onset was 29.1±4.7 years and disease duration of 5.6±3.2 years. The menstrual cycles, comorbidity and life style were similar in both groups (P > 0.05). AMH<=1ng/mL (P=0.027) and number of the AFC (P=0.017) were significantly reduced in DM patients when compared to control groups, whereas serum estradiol level (P < 0.001) was higher in DM patients compared to controls. In contrast, serum FSH and inhibin B levels, ovarian volumes, as well as the frequency of anti-CoL antibody were alike in both groups. Conclusions: The present study was the first to identify diminished ovarian reserve in DM patients of reproductive age. Further studies are necessary to assess the idiopathic inflammatory myopathy-related factors involved in the ovarian impairment of patients.

Sincronização folicular e vascularização do folículo dominante em novilhas mestiças tratadas com estradiol / Follicle synchronization and changes in vascularization of the dominantfollicle in crossbred heifers after estradiol treatment

Avaliou-se a sincronização folicular e vascularização na parede do folículo dominante (FD) após o tratamento com Cipionato (CE) ou Benzoato de estradiol (BE). No Experimento 1, 45 novilhas receberam implante de P4 (1,0g) e foram distribuídas em 3 grupos de acordo com éster de estradiol administrado pela via intramuscular: 1mL salina; 0,5mg CE ou 2,0mg BE. O diâmetro do FD e a emergência folicular (EF) foram monitorados por 5 dias. No experimento 2, D0 (dia 0): 30 novilhas receberam implante de P4 e 2,0mg BE; D8, retirada do implante e 0,5mg de prostaglandina (cloprostenol); D9: tratamentos: 1mL salina; 0,5mg CE ou 1,0mg BE. O diâmetro e a vascularização do FD foram monitorados do D8 ao D10. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA ou Kruskal-Wallis, e as médias comparadas por Tukey (5%). No experimento 1, a EF ocorreu mais tarde (P 0,0013) no grupo BE (4,3±0,8 vs. 3,5±0,8d). No experimento 2, o fluxo sanguíneo do FD aumentou (P 0,001) 24h após o tratamento com BE. A taxa de ovulação foi semelhante (P>0,05) entre os grupos (80,0, 70,0 e 55,5%, BE, CE e salina). Conclui-se que nas concentrações utilizadas, o BE, no início do protocolo, retardou a EF e, no final do protocolo, promoveu uma melhor sincronia do FD demonstrada pela elevação do fluxo sanguíneo.

The study aimed to evaluate synchronization and blood flow of the dominant follicle (DF) after estradiol cypionate (EC) or benzoate(EB) treatment. In experiment 1, progesterone (P4) implants (1.0g) were inserted in 45 heifers, which were given 1mL saline,0.5mg EC or 2.0mg EB. The diameter of the DF and follicle emergence (FE) were recorded for 5 days. For experiment 2, 30 heiferswere given: D0 (day 0): P4 implant and 2.0mg EB; D8: implant removal and 0.5mg of prostaglandin (cloprostenol). On D9, theywere assigned in 1mL saline, 0.5mg EC or 1.0mg EB. From D8 to D10, the diameter and blood flow of the DF was monitored.Data were analyzed by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test, and compared by Tukey (5%). In experiment 1, the FE occurred later(P0.05) between groups (80.0, 70.0 and 55.5%, EB, EC and saline). The interpretation was that,in these concentrations, the EB, at the beginning, delayed FE and, at the end of the protocol, promoted a better synchrony of theDF, confirmed by the increase of the blood flow.

The seasonal and ovarian status effects on in vitro production of domestic cat embryos between Equator and Tropic of Capricorn / Efeitos da sazonalidade e da condição ovariana sobre a produção in vitro de embriões de gatos domésticos em uma região entre o Equador e o Trópico de Capricórnio

From the Tropic of Capricorn to Equator, the seasonality of domestic cat is known to be absent, i.e., these animals are considered non-seasonal breeders at these regions. We hypothesized that this particularity might have some influence on in vitro embryo production. The aim of this experiment was to determine the percentage of cleavage and morulae and blastocyst formation produced from oocytes recovered from queen ovaries of three distinct status - follicular, luteal or inactive - during two different reproductive seasons experienced by cats in southeast of Brazil (22°53'09" S and 48°26'42" W) - non breeding season (NBS), comprehending January to March; and breeding season (BS), August to October. Thirty queens were neutered. [...] During NBS, from a total of 272 (inactive), 162 (luteal) and 134 (follicular) fertilized oocytes, the percentage of cleaved zygotes, morulae and blastocysts derived from inactive ovaries were 24.63, 16.54 and 8.09 respectively; for those derived from luteal ovaries, the percentage was 21.6, 12.96 and 8.64, and for those from follicular ovaries, they were 24.62, 16.41 and 8.21. Considering BS, from a total of 102 (inactive), 198 (luteal) and 86 (follicular) fertilized oocytes, the relative frequency (%) of cleaved zygotes, morulae and blastocysts derived from inactive ovaries were 64.7, 41.17 and 23.53 respectively; for those derived from luteal ovaries, the percentage was 64.14, 40.41 and 23.73, and for those from follicular ovaries, they were 63.95, 39.54 and 24.41. The results of this experiment demonstrate that no statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was verified in the frequency of cleaved embryos and morulae and blastocyst formation when comparing the three ovarian conditions in the same season. However the breeding season presented better results considering cleavage and morulae and blastocyst formation.

Do Trópico de Capricórnio ao Equador, sabe-se que a sazonalidade no gato domestico é ausente, i.e., estes animais são considerados reprodutores não sazonais nestas regiões. [...] O objetivo deste experimento foi determinar a porcentagem de clivagem e formação de mórulas e blastocistos produzidos a partir de oócitos recuperados de ovários de gatas em três condições - folicular, lútea ou inativa - durante duas estações reprodutivas pelas quais gatas passam na região sudeste do Brasil (22°53'09" S e 48°26'42" O) - estação não reprodutiva (ENR), que compreende os meses de janeiro a março; e estação reprodutiva (ER), agosto à outubro. Trinta gatas foram castradas. [...] Durante a ENR, de um total de 272 (inativo), 162 (lútea) e 134 (folicular) oócitos fertilizados, a porcentagem de clivagem de zigotos, formação de mórulas e de blastocistos derivados de ovários inativos foi 24,63, 16,54 e 8,09 respectivamente; para aqueles oriundos de ovários na condição lútea, a porcentagem foi de 21,6, 12,96 e 8,64, e para aqueles provenientes de ovários na fase folicular, foi de 24,62, 16,41 e 8,21. Considerando a ER, de um total de 102 (inativo), 198 (lútea) e 86 (folicular) oócitos fertilizados, a frequência relativa (%) de zigotos clivados, mórulas e blastocistos derivados de ovários na condição inativa foi de 64,7, 41,17 e 23,53 respectivamente; para aqueles oriundos de ovários na condição lútea, a porcentagem foi de 64,14, 40,41 e 23,73, e para aqueles provenientes de ovários na fase folicular, foi de 63,95, 39,54 e 24,41. Os resultados deste experimento demonstraram que não houve diferença estatística significante (P < 0.05) na frequência de embriões clivados e na formação de mórulas e blastocistos quando comparadas as três condições ovarianas dentro da mesma estação. Entretanto, a ER apresentou resultados melhores considerando as taxas de clivagem e formação de mórula e de blastocisto se comparada à ENR.

Salivary and serum cortisol levels, salivary alpha-amylase and unstimulated whole saliva flow rate in pregnant and non-pregnant / Niveis de cortisol salivar e serico, alfa-amilase e fluxo de saliva total nao estimulada em gestantes e nao gestantes

PURPOSE: To compare salivary and serum cortisol levels, salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), and unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) flow rate in pregnant and non-pregnant women. METHOD: A longitudinal study was conducted at a health promotion center of a university hospital. Nine pregnant and 12 non-pregnant women participated in the study. Serum and UWS were collected and analyzed every trimester and twice a month during the menstrual cycle. The salivary and serum cortisol levels were determined by chemiluminescence assay and the sAA was processed in an automated biochemistry analyzer. RESULTS: Significant differences between the pregnant and non-pregnant groups were found in median [interquartile range] levels of serum cortisol (23.8 µL/dL [19.4-29.4] versus 12.3 [9.6-16.8], p<0.001) and sAA (56.7 U/L [30.9-82.2] versus 31.8 [18.1-53.2], p<0.001). Differences in salivary and serum cortisol (µL/dL) and sAA levels in the follicular versus luteal phase were observed (p<0.001). Median UWS flow rates were similar in pregnant (0.26 [0.15-0.30] mL/min) and non-pregnant subjects (0.23 [0.20-0.32] mL/min). Significant correlations were found between salivary and serum cortisol (p=0.02) and between salivary cortisol and sAA (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Serum cortisol and sAA levels are increased during pregnancy. During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, salivary cortisol levels increase, whereas serum cortisol and sAA levels decline. .

OBJETIVO: Comparar os níveis de cortisol sérico e salivar, alfa-amilase salivar (sAA) e fluxo de saliva não estimulada (UWS) em gestantes e não gestantes. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal realizado no centro de promoção da saúde de um hospital universitário. Nove gestantes e 12 não gestantes participaram do estudo. Foram coletados e analisados soro e UWS nos três trimestres gestacionais e duas vezes por mês durante o ciclo menstrual. A análise do cortisol salivar e sérico foi realizada com o uso de quimiluminescência e a atividade da sAA foi determinada por meio de analisador automático para bioquímica. RESULTADOS: Foi verificado que a mediana (intervalo interquartil) dos níveis de cortisol sérico no grupo de gestantes foi maior que 23,8 µL/dL (19,4-29,4) quando comparado ao grupo de não gestantes, que teve média de 12,3 (9,6-16,8; p<0,001). Os níveis de sAA seguiram o mesmo padrão, com médias de 56,7 U/L (30,9-82,2) e 31,8 (18,1-53,2; p<0,001), respectivamente. Foram observadas diferenças dos níveis de cortisol sérico e salivar (µL/dL) e de sAA entre a fase folicular versus a fase lútea (p<0,001). As medianas dos fluxos salivares (UWS) foram semelhantes em gestantes (0,26 [0,15-0,30] mL/min) e não gestantes (0,23 [0,20-0,32] mL/min). Foram encontradas correlações significativas entre o cortisol salivar e o sérico (p=0,02) e entre o cortisol salivar e a sAA (p=0,01). CONCLUSÕES: Os níveis de cortisol sérico de sAA durante a gestação elevam-se. Na fase lútea do ciclo ovariano, os níveis de cortisol salivar aumentam ao passo que os níveis de cortisol sérico e sAA diminuem. .

Surgical impact on serum anti-Mullerian hormone in women with benign ovarian cyst: A prospective study

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical impact of benign ovarian mass on ovarian reserve as measured by serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol (E2) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels, antral follicle count (AFC) and ovarian volumes. In addition, the differences in ovarian reserve impairment between endometrioma cystectomy and non-endometrioma cystectomy were investigated. METHODS: In this prospective study, 22 patients of reproductive age (range, 18.35 years) with benign ovarian masses were enrolled to undergo laparoscopic cystectomy. Of whom 12 had endometriomas and 10 had non-endometriomas. On early follicular phase (day 3) of the cycle preceding the operation and three months after the laparoscopic cystectomy, serum levels of FSH, E2 and AMH, AFC and ovarian volumes were measured in all patients. Data were analyzed with Mann-Whitney U-test and Wilcoxon rank test using SPSS ver. 12.0 for statistic analysis. RESULTS: Median level of serum AMH was significantly decreased from 5.48 ng/mL (interquartile range [IQR], 2.80-7.47) before cystectomy to 2.56 ng/mL (IQR, 1.74-4.32) 3 months postoperation (P<0.05). On the other hand, no significant differences in FSH, E2, AFC and ovarian volumes were found between the preoperative and three months postoperative levels. In a subgroup analysis of the pathologic type of the ovarian cyst, postoperative serum AMH levels were significantly decreased in the endometrioma group, but not in the non-endometrioma group. CONCLUSION: Serum AMH levels were significantly decreased after laparoscopic cystectomy without any changes of other ovarian reserve tests.

Serum luteinizing hormone level and luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio but not serum anti-Mullerian hormone level is related to ovarian volume in Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome / 대한생식의학회지

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between ovarian follicle count and volume on ultrasonography and serum hormone levels including the levels of the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and gonadotropin in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: A total of 118 Korean women aged 18-35 years who were newly diagnosed with PCOS at a university hospital were included in this study. Serum LH, FSH, and AMH levels were measured in the early follicular phase, and the total antral follicle count (TFC) and the total ovarian volume (TOV) were assessed by ultrasonography. The correlations between serum hormonal parameters and ultrasonography characteristics in women with PCOS were evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficients and a linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Serum AMH levels were significantly correlated with serum LH levels and LH/FSH ratios, and TFC and TOV were significantly correlated with each other on ultrasonography. Serum AMH and LH levels and the LH/FSH ratio were significantly correlated with TFC. Statistically significant correlations between TOV and the LH level (r=0.208, p=0.024) and the LH/FSH ratio (r=0.237, p=0.010) were observed. However, the serum AMH level was not significantly correlated with the ovarian volume, and this result did not change after adjusting for age and body mass index. CONCLUSION: Serum AMH is not related to the ovarian volume in women with PCOS. My results suggest that serum LH level and the LH/FSH ratio may be more useful than the serum AMH level for representing the status of the ovarian volume in women with PCOS.

Normal Solid Gastric Emptying Values Measured by Scintigraphy Using Asian-style Meal: A Multicenter Study in Healthy Volunteers

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To report gastric emptying scintigraphy, normal values should be established for a specific protocol. The aim of this study was to provide normal gastric emptying values and determine factors affecting gastric emptying using Asian rice-based meal in healthy volunteers. METHODS: One hundred and ninety-two healthy volunteers were included at 7 tertiary care centers across Thailand. Gastric emptying scintigraphy was acquired in 45 degree left anterior oblique view immediately after ingestion of a 267 kcal steamed-rice with technetium-99m labeled-microwaved egg meal with 100 mL water for up to 4 hours. RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-nine volunteers (99 females, age 43 +/- 14 years) completed the study. The medians (5-95th percentiles) of lag time, gastric emptying half time (GE T1/2) and percent gastric retentions at 2 and 4 hours for all volunteers were 18.6 (0.5-39.1) minutes, 68.7 (45.1-107.8) minutes, 16.3% (2.7-49.8%) and 1.1% (0.2-8.8%), respectively. Female volunteers had significantly slower gastric emptying compared to male (GE T1/2, 74 [48-115] minutes vs. 63 (41-96) minutes; P < 0.05). Female volunteers who were in luteal phase of menstrual cycle had significantly slower gastric emptying compared to those in follicular phase or menopausal status (GE T1/2, 85 [66-102] mintes vs. 69 [50-120] minutes or 72 [47-109] minutes, P < 0.05). All of smoking volunteers were male. Smoker male volunteers had significantly faster gastric emptying compared to non-smoker males (GE T1/2, 56 [44-80] minutes vs. 67 [44-100] minutes, P < 0.05). Age, body mass index and alcohol consumption habits did not affect gastric emptying values. CONCLUSIONS: A steamed-rice with microwaved egg meal was well tolerated by healthy volunteers. Gender, menstrual status and smoking status were found to affect solid gastric emptying.

A fase folicular influência a performance muscular durante período de treinamento e força / The folicular phase influence the muscular performance durig the strength training / La fase folicular influir en el rendimiento muscular el entrenamiento de fuerza

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do ciclo menstrual sobre a performance de força muscular. Vinte mulheres treinadas e usuárias de contraceptivos participaram como voluntárias. O treinamento durou 26 dias (12 sessões segunda, quarta e sexta) e envolveu apenas o exercício supino reto (6 séries de 10 repetições a 80% de 1RM e pausas de 60 segundos entre series). Para comparação da performance muscular, foi considerado o volume total de carga levantada (séries x repetições x carga) das sessões referentes: 1╟ e 3╟ dia (fase folicular), 8╟ e 12╟ dia (fase ovulatória), 15╟ e 26╟ dia (fase lútea). Nossos resultados mostraram redução significativa no volume total de carga apenas na fase folicular. Em conclusão, fase folicular influenciou no desempenho da força muscular.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the menstrual cycle on the performance of muscle strength. Twenty trained women and contraceptive users participated as volunteers. The training lasted 26 days (12 sessions √ Monday,Wednesday and Friday) and involved only the exercise bench press (6 sets of 10 repetitions at 80% 1RM and pauses of 60 seconds between sets). Tor compare muscle performance, was considered the total volume of load lifted (sets x repetitions x load) concerning the sessions: 1th and 3th day (folicular phase), 8th and 12th day (ovulatory phase), 15th and 26th day (luteal phase). Our results suggest a significant reduction in the total volume of load only in the follicular phase. In conclusion, follicular phase influenced the performance of muscle strength.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia del ciclo menstrual en el rendimiento de la fuerza muscular. Veinte mujeres capacitadas y los usuarios de anticonceptivos participaron como voluntarios. El entrenamiento duró 26 días (12 sesiones ¬ Lunes, miércoles y viernes) que limita el ejercicio de press de banca (6 series de 10 repeticiones al 80% de 1RM y 60 segundos pausas entre series). Para comparar el rendimiento muscular, se consideró el volumen total de carga elevada (series x repeticiones x carga) sesiones en relación con: 1 º y 3 º día (fase folicular), 8 ª y 12 ª (fase ovulatoria) y 15 ° 26 ° día (fase lútea). Nuestros resultados mostraron una reducción significativa en el volumen total de carga sólo en la fase folicular. En conclusión, la fase folicular influenciado el rendimiento de la fuerza muscular.